2006年跨大西洋航機恐怖襲擊陰謀
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
[编辑] 施襲範圍[编辑] 目標航班倫敦都會警務處副處長保羅·斯蒂文森相信，涉案人士計劃在他們攜帶的手提行李中放置炸彈，在從英國飛往美國的航班途中炸毀最多10架航機。[10]據報導，今次計劃的襲擊目標，包括由倫敦希斯路和蓋域機場起飛，前往芝加哥、洛杉磯、邁亞密、紐瓦克、三藩市和華盛頓，屬英國航空、美國聯合航空、美國大陸航空、和美利堅航空的航機。[11]英國廣播公司國家安全特約記者歌頓·高理拉表示涉案人士涉嫌發動一波接一波的襲擊，每次襲擊三架航機。[10]各方報導中所影響的航機數目頗有出入，有報導指三架，也有報導指有多達十二架受影響。[12][13]美國國土安全部部長麥克·切爾托夫在一份新聞發布會中指出，有「多架商業客機」是今次陰謀的目標。[14]部份報導稱，襲擊原計劃於8月16日進行，但警方稱暫時沒有證據指出襲擊的確實日期。[15][16]根據情報方面人士的消息，襲擊特意被安排在九一一事件五週年前夕發生。[17] [编辑] 液體炸藥據多家媒體報道，有關人士涉嫌計劃在襲擊中使用液體炸藥。[10]美國廣播公司報導指計劃涉及在改裝過的運動飲品容器內，收藏爆炸品。策劃人士曾計劃，將瓶口維持密封，內盛原有的飲品，但卻在底部加裝假的瓶底，放進染紅了的液體或凝膠炸藥，使其與原來飲品顏色相同。[18] 現存已知的液體或凝膠爆炸品有多種。《美國新聞與世界報導》一篇文章估計涉案人士可能使用液體爆炸品，與於倫敦七七爆炸事件所用的固體自然過氧化物化學成份相似，基於過氧化氫製造，然後以自製、內含即棄型相機閃光燈的裝置引爆炸彈。[19]其他媒體也提到一種基於過氧化物的爆炸品。[20]美國當局，聯邦調查局和國土安全部，提供了兩種基於過氧化物而可能用於襲擊的化學品名稱：三過氧化三丙酮和hexamethylene triperoxide diamine（HMTD）。這些基於過氧化物的液體炸藥「對熱力、撞擊和摩擦力敏感，只需明火或電流便可引爆，亦可用來製造自製引爆器」。[21][22] [编辑] 調查與拘捕
警方指已經持續數月監察這次陰謀，而「[在2006年8月9日]當本處決定採取緊急行動，干擾本處相信正在進行的計劃時，調查進入了關鍵時刻。」[3]據美國政府消息人士透露，英方曾經派出臥底混入策劃人士中。[23]來自美國國土安全部的消息稱，疑犯曾經接收到一條內容為「立即進行你們的襲擊」的加密信息。[24] 警方拘捕了24名疑犯，但其中一人未被落案起訴而獲釋。[25]警方在通宵行動中，分別在倫敦、伯明翰和位於白金漢郡的Hign Wycombe拘捕了21人。其中兩人在伯明翰被捕，另有四人在High Wycombe被捕。[26]本次陰謀的主要涉案人士，據報都是在英國本土出生的回教徒，部分為巴基斯坦裔人士。[27][28][10]當中三名疑犯是剛改信奉回教的新信徒。[29] 英國內務大臣韋俊安在一次記者會上稱，相信本次陰謀的主要涉案人士都已經被拘留，但不排除會拘捕更多涉案人士。[30]英國警方稱，仍在尋找兩名涉案人士協助調查。[16]美國國土安全部相信，最終可能有多達50人涉案。[31] 警方扣留疑犯滿一星期後，須要釋放他們，除非當局向法院申請延長時間審問疑犯。8月16日，法院准許警方將其中21人扣留多7天，有兩人獲准被扣留多5天。另有一名於8月15日被捕的疑犯則獲釋而未被起訴。截至8月15日，警方進行了46宗入屋搜查，其中22宗尚在進行，另有搜查了20輛車輛。搜查行動預計需六星期完成。有報道指警方在High Wycombe的樹林裏檢獲兩枝槍械，但當局未能證實，然而英國廣播公司證實當局檢獲了「相關的物品」。警方也在伯克郡境內一間位於雷丁和兩間位於斯勞的網吧內帶走電腦等設施返署調查。[32] 英國廣播公司在8月11日報道，七名疑犯，包括兩名英籍人士，被拘留在巴基斯坦。[33]巴基斯坦當局消息指，最少有七名其他人士被捕。[34]美國廣播公司報道，在巴基斯坦的拘捕行動，可能明顯地加快了今次的調查工作。[35] 英國反恐專家保羅·比弗說這次陰謀可能由激進伊斯蘭武裝組織阿爾蓋達背後策劃，而該組織數週前才威脅會襲擊位於英國的航空設施。[36] 美國國土安全部秘書長麥克·切爾托夫稱本次陰謀經過精心策劃，已經到了施襲前的最後階段，而且「具阿爾蓋達計劃的暗示」。[4]根據各方的新聞稿，難以判斷襲擊是否已經被決定發動。 據美國有線電視新聞網報道，當局檢獲最少一套殉道錄影片段，但警方隨後否認，稱只找到「錄影證據」。[19] [16]多家媒體只提到在一次警方搜查中，當局發現了一套殉道「影帶」。[37] [编辑] 美英兩國對拘捕時間各執一詞與最早的報告相反，英國某高級官員稱襲擊並非迫在眉睫，指疑犯尚未購買機票。部分疑犯甚至沒有持有護照。[38]美國某官員也承認美英雙方對拘捕的時間存有爭議，指有英國官員稱襲擊並非即時會發生。該名英國官員也聲稱美方曾經威脅英方，如果不立即拘捕身在巴基斯坦的疑犯主腦拉希德·羅夫（Rashid Rauf），美方就會自行引渡他。[38] 白宮國土安全顧問法蘭西絲·湯森否認所有有關英美雙方不協調的報道，指「英美雙方官員不存在不合」。 [编辑] 巴基斯坦在事件中的角色巴基斯坦初時因被認為能及時阻止襲擊發生，其作風被媒體稱許。然而，主要報章包括《星期日泰晤士報》對巴基斯坦在反恐戰爭的角色表示關注，指巴國軍方在營運疑犯曾經就讀的訓練營上有重大角色。[39]有關報章指出其中一人在巴國軍隊的軍營被捕，以支持政府與疑犯有關連的說法。[39]最近報道也指疑兇背後受到「慈善團體」資助，而那些團體本應是救助2005年克什米爾大地震災民的。[40]聯邦調查局和蘇格蘭場正在調查本次事件與克什米爾恐怖份子與涉案人士的金錢來源的聯繫。[41]據巴基斯坦和國際媒體報道，拉希德·羅夫與克什米爾的穆罕默德軍（Jaish-e-Mohammed）有聯繫。這個組織被幾個國家視為恐怖組織。[42]報道亦指羅夫與印度頭號通輯犯Maulana Masood Azhar有緊密的親戚關係。[43] 多份報章的社評與論壇版都炮轟巴基斯坦窩藏恐怖份子。《洛杉磯時報》說「一位在亞洲的盟友棲身了很多在反恐戰爭上與美國為敵的人」。[44]其他傳媒質疑巴基斯坦聲稱打擊恐怖份子的承諾，指出雖然該國與美國合作多年，武裝份子仍然能由巴基斯坦出動。[45]多份報章如《阿拉伯報》（Al Arab）[46]、《先鋒報》[47]以及全球化研究中心（Centre for Research on Globalization）的專欄作家認為巴基斯坦的情報當局是今次「恐怖陰謀」背後的主要人物。[48] 另一份報章《印度斯坦時報》（The Hindustan Times）相信巴國情報當局可能具雙重角色，同時描繪和破解同一宗陰謀。[49] [编辑] 懷疑論者所持的論點有些陰謀論網站和網誌認為整件事情可能是由布殊和貝理雅一手策劃，希望在反伊斯蘭恐怖主義上贏得更多支持，以挽救他們江河日下的民望。[50]英籍人士當中的回教徒據報也對今次事件持審慎態度。[51]前英國駐烏茲別克大使Craig Murray在網上發表文章，質疑恐襲陰謀的真確性。他指出警方從來沒有檢獲爆炸品，估計首腦羅夫是在酷刑下在巴基斯坦被迫策劃陰謀。[52]The Register刊登了一篇文章，探討在機上從相關液體製造三過氧化三丙酮的可行性，得出的結論是不可能。[53] [编辑] 庭审2006年8月22日，11名犯罪嫌疑人首次在伦敦一家法庭出庭受审。[54]9月6日，英国警方证实，在该事件中被起诉的犯罪嫌疑人已达17人。[55] [编辑] 疑犯[编辑] 於英國落網的疑犯在英國落網的25名疑犯中，有19名的名字被英倫銀行正式公開，全部居於英國國內[56]，以宣佈他們的財產已經被凍結。[57]有一人未被落案起訴而獲釋，故沒有公佈他的名字。隨後另有一人被捕，後來也獲釋。現在已知的被捕人士包括：
[编辑] 於巴基斯坦落網的疑犯
五名巴基斯坦國民也同時被扣留。[66] [编辑] 政治反應搜捕行動進行前，政府高層曾經討論陰謀。英國首相貝理雅數月前已經知道事件，在8月6日星期日向美國總統喬治布殊提醒英方調查所得的情報[67]。 8月9日，距離拘捕行動前數小時，內務大臣韋俊安在人民智庫（Demos）演說，暗示將會推出新一輪反恐法案，指英國面臨「可能是從第二次世界大戰以來最持久的嚴重威脅。」[68] The following day he broke the news, the Prime Minister being abroad on holiday.[69] 美國方面則在一次多部門聯合記者招待會時，由國土安全部部長切爾托夫、司法部部長阿爾韋托·岡薩雷斯和聯邦調查局局長羅伯特‧穆勒披露是次襲擊陰謀。切爾托夫拒絕回答所有有關爆炸裝置的設計、以及涉案人士究竟是否已完成製造炸彈等問題。[14] 同日，總統喬治布殊到達威斯康辛州時表示：「近來我國國民現已知悉的拘捕行動，是一個真實的提醒，提醒國家正在與伊斯蘭法西斯份子戰鬥，這些份子會用盡一切辦法，消滅我們這些熱愛自由的人、傷害我們的國家。」[69] 8月12日，英國多個穆斯林團體向首相貝理雅發表公開信，指「英國政府現行政策危害國內和國外公民的人身安全。」[70]多個類似團體甚至政府內部部分部門[71]都指出（在眾多因素當中），英國對巴勒斯坦、黎巴嫩、阿富汗和伊拉克等國的外交政策，很大程度上要對英國本土青年穆斯林的快速激進化負上責任，增加英國可能受到如七七事件等恐怖襲擊的機會。公開信表示「襲擊平民永遠不是正當的行為」，並鼓勵英國政府檢討本身的對外政策，以維護國內外公民的安全。韋俊安在接受英國廣播公司訪問時候形容，公開信是一次「可怕的錯判」，而前保守黨黨魁夏偉明形容本信是「一種恐嚇」。[72]
[编辑] 安檢變革在第一波逮捕行動後，受到情資顯示恐怖份子可能利用液體中的化學成份作為攻擊的工具，英美間所有航班的行李攜帶規定立刻有了新的限制─所有除了嬰兒飲用外的液體包括酒精飲品、髮膠、牙膏、唇膏、防曬液及乳液。由於一般的機場安檢點皆設在商店前面，旅客可於安檢後再購買此類產品，進而造成安全漏洞。部份機場如波士頓羅根國際機場即把安全檢查哨改設於登機門、登機閘口前。[74] In addition, all non-essential hand luggage was banned on all flights from the UK[75]. [编辑] 聯合王國英國的Joint Terrorist Analysis Centre隨即升高了恐怖警告級數(The terror alert level)由'嚴重'(severe)至'危急'(critical), 一些非中文的文字因为尚未翻譯而被隐藏，歡迎參與翻譯。
signalling an attack was believed to be imminent, although this was only done after the raid.[11] Security at all British airports was raised to the highest level, with all luggage having to go into the aircraft's hold (including books, newspapers, and glasses cases). In the immediate aftermath, no hand luggage (carry-on luggage) was allowed except for a very few essentials such as travel documents and wallets. Passengers travelling with small children were permitted to carry baby food but must taste it in front of staff.[76] Reid gave as his view that this was a "very significant plot" with the aim to "down a number of aircraft through mid-flight explosions. We are doing everything possible to disrupt any further terrorist activity. This will mean major disruption at all UK airports." [3] This followed comments made by Reid the previous day concerning the need to take terror threats to the UK seriously. [[#_note-Reid, 9 August|[77]]] Police played down any potentially divisive element of the incident, with Deputy Commissioner Paul Stephenson reported to be "at pains to stress this was nothing to do with any specific community or any specific faith", and saying:
On 2006年8月14日 the threat level was reduced from 'Critical' to 'Severe'.[79] An announcement was made that the hand baggage rules would shortly be alleviated to permit carriage of one small item of hand baggage, although the strict ban on liquids remained in place.[80] Hand baggage was reintroduced at some smaller airports on 14 August, but was not permitted at Heathrow and London Gatwick until 15 August. It was reported that despite the security measures, a 12 year old boy who had run away from a care home in Birkenhead managed to board a plane at Gatwick airport bound for Lisbon, despite not having a passport or any other documentation. He was only discovered when a passenger count revealed one too many passengers. [81] [编辑] 美國
Following the operation, United States Homeland Security banned all liquids and gels except baby formula and prescription medications in the name of the ticket holder in carry-on luggage on all flights.[82] The DHS level in the United States was raised to 'severe' (red) for all flights from the UK. The terror level for all other domestic or non-British international flights in the United States was raised to High (orange). According to White House Press Secretary Tony Snow, President Bush was aware of the plot by August 6 and approved raising the alert on August 9. [83] As of 2006年8月13日, airline passengers in the United States can now take up to four ounces of non-prescription medicine, glucose gel for diabetics, solid lipstick, and baby food aboard flights. All aerosols are prohibited and the TSA now demands that passengers remove their shoes so they may be X-rayed before boarding. Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney has placed National Guard members in Logan International Airport in Boston. He also has placed gate checkpoints, in addition to concourse checkpoints.[74] The heightened security terror level was deemed "unprecedented".[84] According to the press secretary of Homeland Security, security measures have been raised so that they may learn more about the situation, and so that they may avoid any additional terror plots. [84] In addition, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger also activated his state's National Guard force to bolster security at California airports.[84] Rumours spread that American passengers were also being required to taste baby formula. Official announcements made it clear that this would not be required. [85] [编辑] 其他各國
|22x20px|澳大利亚 国旗]] [[澳大利亞聯邦 |澳大利亚]] - 澳洲航空最初僅對英美航班進行了更嚴格的安全檢查作業。但總理約翰·霍華德則表示，這套較嚴格安檢標準應在不久的將來成為常態，而非僅過渡時期之舉。[86]
|22x20px|巴巴多斯 国旗]] [[巴巴多斯 |巴巴多斯]] - 航班的嚴重延誤影響了全球各地包括巴貝多在內的國際機場(Grantley Adams International Airport)。隨即升高的安檢層級使得很多在加勒比海的遊客包括英國首相東尼‧布萊爾(貝理雅)欲縮短行程回國。但另一報導卻做了完全相反的陳述，表示布萊爾並沒有返回英國 [87] 一些非中文的文字因为尚未翻譯而被隐藏，歡迎參與翻譯。
|22x20px|比利时 国旗]] 比利时 - The Belgian Federal Police, coordinating its efforts with the British and French governments, increased security on the Eurostar rail line that connects London with Paris and Brussels.[88] - Transport Canada, though unaware of any specific threat, nevertheless restricted all liquid and gel items from hand luggage on departing flights. Exceptions were made for approved baby formula and prescription medication.[89] In addition, all passengers travelling to the United States were subject to having their footwear examined.[90]
|22x20px|芬兰 国旗]] [[芬蘭 |芬兰]] - Finland's national airline Finnair cancelled two of its flights to London Heathrow on Thursday and one from Heathrow to Helsinki on Sunday, the remaining flights only had slight delays. Other airlines flying to and from Finland have experienced only delays. Passengers are forbidden to carry anything more than personal documents and wallets in flights to Britain. [91][92] - Airport authority at the 赤鱲角機場 have advised passengers going to the United States to arrive three hours before their scheduled flight in order to pass through tighter security checks. [86] Hong Kong Government reminds Hongkongers in the United Kingdom to keep abreast of latest developments and pay attention to personal safety. [93] Check-in counters of American carriers are patrolled by Airport Security Unit officers of the Hong Kong Police Force. [94]
|印度]] – Indian airports have been put under high alert and hand-baggage screenings have been tightened. Surveillance has also been stepped up. Incoming flights from the United Kingdom are facing delays due to greater checks. [95]
|22x20px|爱尔兰 国旗]] [[愛爾蘭 |爱尔兰]] - The National Civil Aviation Security Committee, which advises the Irish Government, met to review the situation. Irish Minister for Transport Martin Cullen said there is no increased security risk at Irish airports.[96]
|22x20px|以色列 国旗]] [[以色列 |以色列]] - El Al flights from Tel Aviv to London were grounded due to perceived security threats. Security at Ben Gurion International Airport, Tel Aviv and Ovda International Airport was stepped up. - 儘管政府並無特別地密切關注安全議題，日本航空與全日空仍對攜帶液體物品上機做限制。 [86]
|22x20px|荷兰 国旗]] [[荷蘭 |荷兰]] - The Dutch government said the UK terror plot would have no effect to the threat level in the country and would remain at "substantial" and "low" for Schiphol.[97] - Additional security restrictions were placed on passengers departing from New Zealand to the UK, and there were some flight delays; however, none were cancelled. [98] In order to maintain the heightened security, thirty-two extra security staff supported by sniffer dogs were brought in to man three extra security lanes at Auckland Airport. [99]
|22x20px|挪威 国旗]] [[挪威 |挪威]] - The Norwegian government will not change the threat level and it remains at Low.[100]
|22x20px|巴基斯坦 国旗]] [[巴基斯坦 |巴基斯坦]] - The Pakistani government made several arrests in response to the plot. Foreign Office spokeswoman Tasnim Aslam stated "The arrests in the United Kingdom have followed active intelligence co-operation between Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States". Aslam also stated that "In fact, Pakistan played a very important role in uncovering and breaking this international terrorist network".[101]
|秘魯]] - The Peruvian government instigated a “Plan of Security of the Airport” including the use of sniffer dogs to detect explosive material and advised airlines not to allow passengers on board with hand luggage, in particular any items containing liquids, gels or lotions. On flights to the United States these items are temporarily banned in accordance with the requirements of the American authorities. Passengers are allowed to take only essential items into the cabin - everything else must be checked into the hold.
|22x20px|菲律賓 国旗]] [[菲律宾共和国 |菲律賓]] - Authorities at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport have placed its airports on heightened alert. Most of the security measures have now included strict inspection of vehicles coming to the airport. The Airport Security Committee have met to finalize what items are not allowed on hand carried items.[102]. NAIA representatives have stated that all U.S.-bound flights have prohibited passengers from bringing liquid items on board.[86]
|22x20px|波兰 国旗]] 波兰 - Flights from Poland to United States have also increased their security measures. - The government has put Incheon International Airport on heightened alert following the foiled terrorist plot. All passengers are undergoing additional screening and all U.S.- and UK-bound flights are prohibited from carrying any liquids on flights. Furthermore, passengers en route to the U.S. will have their belongings searched before boarding their flight. Korea’s Civil Aviation Safety Authority of the Ministry of Construction and Transportation raised the security level from green (ordinary) to blue (concerned) and then to yellow (caution). A yellow alert indicates intelligence suggesting a threat to aviation.[103][104] (臺灣) - 臺北提高了對英美航班的安全控管。所有台灣籍航空公司皆禁止往英美航班的旅客攜帶"large carry-on luggage on board. Liquids like hair gel, suntan lotion, perfume, shampoo, toothpaste and beverages also had to be checked in and not carried on board." [105] [编辑] 手提行李限制[编辑] 聯合王國Passengers travelling from[106] and through all other UK airports were temporarily only permitted to carry-on those items on a restricted list, and these items had to be carried in transparent plastic bags. No liquids could be carried on board.[107][108] Liquid medications, such as insulin for diabetics, were banned, "unless verified as authentic." All laptops, mobile phones, digital audio players and other electronic items were also banned.[109] 從禁令生效起,每位旅客的手提行李內只容許攜帶下列物品:
所有前往美國航班一律禁止攜帶任何非上表所列之物品。如欲前往其他地方的旅客,通過機場保安檢查站時只准攜帶上表所列之物品,但旅客可在機場禁區商店內購買其他物品,而該等物品是可被攜帶登機的。
2006年8月14日, 英國當局宣佈航機手提行李的限制規定將會短暫放寬,每名旅客可攜帶一件體積不大於45厘米（長）x 35厘米（闊）x16厘米（高）（17.7吋 x 13.7 吋 x 6.2 吋）的手提行李登機；手提行李的重量不應超過7公斤。 手提行李內現可攜帶以下物品： - 電子儀器包括流動電話、數碼相機及MP3播放裝置（例如 iPod）。 - 航班上必需及足夠的處方藥物及醫療物品，而該藥物必須經證明為真確無偽 - 奶類及嬰兒食品（瓶內的液體必須由隨行旅客試飲）。 旅客必須將手提電腦從袋中取出以接受X光檢查。 旅客可攜帶已經X光檢查的嬰兒手推車及助行器或已經詳細檢查的輪椅。 旅客禁止攜帶任何液體登機。液體的定義包括任何啫喱類物體、糊狀物體、乳霜、凝固狀的物體、噴霧劑及以壓縮容器存放的物品如牙膏、髮膠、飲料、糖漿及香水等）。打火機不可以置於寄艙行李內或攜同經過行李檢查關卡。旅客可於機場禁區內購買,並可攜帶登機(前往美國航班除外)。 一些非中文的文字因为尚未翻譯而被隐藏，歡迎參與翻譯。
[编辑] United StatesSimilar emergency restrictions were placed on airline passengers travelling within and from the United States. Currently, all liquids are forbidden, including beverages, hair gels, toothpaste, lipstick, sunscreen, and hand lotions, due to the suspicion that liquid chemicals were planned to be used in the attacks.[82] Since passengers may purchase beverages after passing regular airport checkpoints, gate checkpoints have been implemented at many airports, such as Boston's Logan International Airport.[74] Electronic devices (iPods, laptops, etc.) are still allowed for domestic flights.[110] On August 16, the TSA announced that for flights leaving or coming into the U.S., Duty Free items, including beverages, are permitted if delivered directly from the Duty Free shop onto the aircraft.[111] 
[编辑] 影響整體而言，約有400,000名旅客受到此次事件的影響。光是第一天就讓航空業者損失了英磅1億7千5百萬. 倫敦希斯洛機場約有20,000件行李被誤放它處或遺失。[1] [编辑] 8月10日的取消航班部份前往倫敦希斯洛機場的航班在逮捕日當天即取消班次，包括英國航空(British Airways)週四的短途班次。某些往來倫敦蓋特威克機場的班機亦停駛。[112]僅管全美航空的諮詢熱線仍表示往倫敦蓋特威克的航班正常。 以下為部份傳出有取消航班消息的航空公司之相關資訊：
一些非中文的文字因为尚未翻譯而被隐藏，歡迎參與翻譯。
[编辑] Service resumptionA few hours after the beginning of the confusion, aircraft began to fly out of London Heathrow, although not at the usual level of more than one per minute. Flights included planes going to New York, Toronto, Chicago, and San Francisco.[84] The situation remained chaotic with huge queues of passengers waiting to check-in and get through the strengthened security procedures, and reports of some aircraft leaving Heathrow airport with only transit passengers aboard. On 12 August a public argument broke out between BAA, the operator of Heathrow and other airports, and British Airways, with Willie Walsh, BA's Chief Executive, accusing BAA of not being able to cope with the increased security and baggage checks. Ryanair also called on the British government to employ police and military reservists to speed up the full body searches which were now mandated, with Chief Executive Michael O'Leary saying that:
On 16 August the defence secretary, Des Browne, interviewed over the adequacy of UK spending on security reported that expenditure had doubled in recent years due to the security difficulties, from £1 billion to £2 billion. David Cameron, leader of the Conservative party, had criticised government plans to freeze spending in the Home Office, which is responsible for security. On Sunday 13 August 30% of flights out of Heathrow were cancelled to reduce pressure on the screeners. [125]. By 15 August flight cancellations had fallen to 47 flights at Heathrow, and 8 Ryanair flights from Stanstead. It was reported by BA that 10,000 items of baggage belonging to their passengers had gone missing. It was anticipated that cancellations would reduce on 16 August, with 90% of flights expected to depart as scheduled. [126] On 18 August Ryanair's O'Leary delivered an ultimatum to the British government demanding the resumption of normal hand baggage dimensions and hand screening one passenger in four instead of one in two within one week, otherwise Ryanair would sue the Government for compensation under section 93 of the Transport Act 2000. The government responded that the actions were taken under the Aviation Security Act 1982, and no compensation was payable. [127] [编辑] Economic effectsThe Times commented the day after the arrests, that the economic efects were minor and that the FTSE 100 index showed only "mild signs of strain", suggesting that terror was already priced into assets, that the market impact will be contained, and that "what is lost on the swings may be gained on the roundabouts". It observes that the real commercial risk is that "people's behaviour is altered... change may come so subtly and subconsciously that it is hard to see, let alone measure... people may stop travelling for example, not because they are scared of being blown up, but because they are tired of complying with necessary security measures."[128] Estimates have also been made of the cost to airlines of their disrupted business. One estimate places the cost to BA for 1000 lost flights as £50 million, more than the £40 million cost last year of the dispute with its catering company, Gate Gourmet. Ryanair and Easyjet have each had to cancel 500 flights, at an estimated cost of £10 million each. BA is considering making a claim for compensation against BAA, which operates Heathrow, for its failure to provide adequate security services and shortages of personnel during the crisis. The Civil Aviation Authority has just commenced its five-yearly review of operation of the airport, and it is likely that BAA's ability to handle the security alert will now become part of that review.[129] Total claim for compensation against BAA has been estimated at £300 million.[130] Air passengers also switched to other means of travel. Sea France ferry company operating from Dover to Calais announced that it had beaten its all-time record for number of passengers carried in one week, while Eurostar found that at the peak of the alert it was receiving 10 bookings per minute for immediate travel. Check in time for premium Eurostar depatures from London to France is only 15 minutes, and even with 3 hours travel times to Europen airports, this meant that a flight to the U.S. might be completed more quickly by departing from a European airport where cabin luggage was still permitted.[131] [编辑] Other responses
[编辑] 相關條目
[编辑] 參考資料
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